In a context like this, very strongly felt by the workers had to be the feeling of “intrusiveness” exercised by the machines in their lives, if just against them, they oversaw the first form of protest that became known as Luddites, “On Bolton street – the incident took place Oct. 3, 1779, and there is told by a certain Josiah Wedgwood – Chowbent exceeded, met a crowd of

several hundred men. I think they were at least five hundred. When we asked one of them why they were gathered in a number so impressive, they told me they had just destroyed a few cars and planned to do the same throughout the country. “But because the first form of protest is directed against the machines spontaneously and not against those who benefited from the machines, ie the entrepreneurs? They were not, ultimately, with their insatiable desire for profit, the most obvious reason of poor working conditions of workers? Recalling the question could be answered first, as usually is done, the Luddites, more than a progressive movement that demanded greater social justice, expressed the instinctive ‘desire conservative “of workers who saw the machines as a threat to employment and for their specializations.

But there is another interpretation, more psychological, that one could cite: the dismay of those who – like T. Carlyle, who wrote a famous essay titled The signs of the times published in 1828 – sees the world changing too quickly and perhaps not the most raccapezza: “Not only the outside and the body is now driven by the machine, but also

the interior and the spiritual. [...] Focusing on child labor, in this case only the scrutiny of the machine, writes: “The two industries [that wool and cotton] is not needed at all, it is true, by a mere oversight. But for all the hard work is a position too long. They are from 16 to 17 hours walking each day, and at least 13 hours in a closed room, without changing place or employment. It is no longer a job, a task, it is torture, and it inflicts on children from 6 to 8 years old, malnourished, poorly dressed, bound to take the five o’clock the long distance that separates them from their factories, and they end up to harass the evening, on their return from those same factories. “

The same practice rule not only our ways of acting, but also our ways of thinking and feeling. Men have become the mechanisms in the head and heart, as in the hands. They have lost faith in individual effort, and the natural forces of any kind.[...] All the efforts, emotions, opinions, center around the mechanism and are of mechanical nature. ” His complaint, while, as a document, makes us understand the travails of an era of great change, anticipates issues and other considerations that will become typical of the second industrial revolution, with it, the link between art and science is expressed in all sectors and is widely discussed in the man entered the consumer society as a gear, and while the end of a complex machine: the mass society.

But until we could do without science? The evolution of an industry posed no problems easy to solve, even by minds which are open and intuitive. Within the textile industry, for example, the production of nonwoven, requiring only the use of mechanical looms, but also the operations to which only those who had a solid scientific background was able to use. Emblematic was the case of chemistry: “If a laborer – Lilley writes – may come to imagine combinations of levers, pulleys, wheels, rods, and can try to build – through trial more or less successful – so imagine the machines, the” wheels “of the chemical process – molecules, atoms, electrons, as we would say today – are not as visible. The generic worker is therefore forced to slow process of trial and error. To keep abreast of the development of chemistry with mechanical inventions was it necessary for men who had received a scientific education and real. ” And the use of chemicals, due to the increase of textile production, it soon became indispensable: the main problem was the fact that bleaching, whose most important task was traditionally resolved with treatment of the fabric with the whey and its exposure to the sun. But the raw material, however, not very effective, was poor and also note the historian D. Landes, “There were not enough in the British Isles meadows cheap [...] to candeggiar tissues of the Lancashire spinning once the plumbing and” mules “had replaced the wheel to spin.”

From here the use of sulfuric acid first, then the chlorine substance, however, difficult to handle, and finally to a result of the action of chlorine bleaching powder of slaked lime which represented the optimum solution

to the problem. Similarly, for the energy they had to resort to science, in order to find an alternative to the windmill and water: “The machines of recent design – in fact, writes RJ Forbes – required a new prime mover, as the old ones had serious limitations. The wind was cheap, but fickle, and the water was limited by environmental conditions, the vapor instead suffered no no of these disadvantages, given its independence from the weather and the seasons. ” And J. Watt, to whom we owe, as described by Dickinson, improvement of the Newcomen machine by introducing the functional variants that made the steam engine, was not only remarkable inventiveness, but also a good scientific background, as evidenced in the description of his patent. With the invention of the steam engine, the whole apparatus of production was destined to undergo profound changes, and likewise were revolutionized with the introduction of railways and of steam. Agriculture also changed: “A farmer who was between 1770 and 1850 – write O. Beaumont and J.W.Y. Higgs – in one of the most progressive farms could see, his life, the complete renovation of agriculture: the plow manufacturing industry took the place of the village building, the seed, first spread by hand, was now placed in the seed furrows; plantations were zappate machines with horses, and complicated machines took the place of the sickle and the scythe to reap and flail for threshing. ”

Cartesian physics is essentially based on two principles:

1) The absence of vacuum;

2) the constancy of the quantity of motion.

The denial of the existence of the vacuum is a direct deduction of the extension as an attribute of corporeal substance, this being the extension, an attribute and not a substance to exist and must necessarily rely on somebody.

Descartes for this reason deduced the existence of a raw material by which the bodies would move as stones in the water.

In the Cartesian physical phenomena are explained by means of motion, the latter would be characterized by “momentum,” which is given by the product of the mass of the body M in the movement and its velocity V, such that Q = M ∙ V .

The French philosopher absolutizes this principle, whereas in our time we know that is valid when, and only when, it is applied to a system of masses subject only to the forces exerted on each other, or to an isolated system. The great neo of our philosopher was to think that the quantity of motion is distributed through different forms between the bodies by means of impacts, as the only engine of the great machine of the world.

The great neo of our philosopher was to think that the quantity of motion is distributed through different forms between the bodies by means of impacts, as the only engine of the great machine of the world. Descartes, in fact, banning any kind of force, attractive or repulsive, according to him the only thing that remains is the momentum, while in reality it maintains the energy, which can turn in its many forms: kinetic, thermal, etc..

This aspect of the Cartesian physics is criticized by Leibniz, who believed in the principle of inertia and conservation of the initial velocity, but also in the preservation of the rectilinear direction of motion. Taking off from the above principles, the French thinker formulated his famous “vortex theory”, stating that each body is attracted to Earth by a vortex and the planets, besides Earth, spinning in a vortex around the Sun. The Cartesian reductionism did not spare even the world of life. In fact, the vital functions do not have anything specific that differs from the mechanical phenomena of nature: a living being is only a machine, an automaton, which is also functioning under the inertia and conservation of momentum.

The anatomical studies conducted during the Renaissance, appeared to confirm the Cartesian mechanistic interpretation of life, since they put emphasis on the mechanical function of the skeleton and musculature.

The body thus becomes a machine used by the res cogitans, as if it were an instrument. Considered a symbol of modernity, Descartes has influenced the most diverse philosophies. Despite being considered an “ambivalent” thinker, he meant that his philosophy could be highlighted with aspects that were antithetical to each other.

Our thinker will be remembered as the “philosopher of the mechanism” or perhaps as a thinker who laid the foundations of atheism, but one thing is certain, he was the cornerstone of modern philosophy, that is, the founder.

He is above all, the most important protagonist of the philosophy of the seventeenth century. Descartes has a secondary role even in the Enlightenment, the philosophical and cultural movement that welcomed its rationalism, methodical doubt, rejection of the principle of authority.

Algebra becomes capable of reproducing by itself in terms of formal geometry, which in turn becomes a means to an explanation of algebraic methods.

The number and shape become interpretable in one another. Descartes introduced the systematic use of the coordinate axes, which in our time are called “axes”, which allows the representation of the points with pairs or triplets of numbers and geometric relationships between points with mathematical relationships.

In fact, the identification of each point on a surface with an ordered pair of numbers (latitude and longitude) was a practice used in cartography, which was also the identification of a line through a single coordinate (the only indicates a parallel latitude and longitude, only one meridian). Universalizing the principle, Descartes argues that an equation with two unknowns is always discovering a line is a straight line if the equation is of first instance (ax + by + c = 0) is a conic if the equation is second degree (for example a circumference X2 + Y2 + ax + by + c = 0, or a parabola y = ax2 + bx + c = 0, etc.), and it is finally a curve more complex if the equation degree is greater than (y = x3).

Among the most relevant results achieved by Descartes, and which is worthy of great consideration is the general determination of the normal to any plane algebraic curve in her anywhere, and the consequent determination of the tangent. The world is identified with the extension and therefore the physics comes down entirely to geometry, nor is it an obstacle to extending this reduction of motion, since the weather can easily take the appearance of a geometric dimension, as can be seen in following graph.

(Chart time)

In the writings of Descartes’ physics there is an almost complete absence of mathematics, in fact, his goal is to provide mathematical interpretation of physical reality.

Cartesian physics is essentially based on two principles:

1) The absence of vacuum;

2) the constancy of the quantity of motion.

The denial of the existence of the vacuum is a direct deduction of the extension as an attribute of corporeal substance, this being the extension, an attribute and not a substance to exist, must necessarily rely on somebody.                          Descartes for this reason deduced the existence of a raw material by which the bodies would move as stones in the water.   In the Cartesian physical phenomena these are explained by means of motion, the latter would be characterized by “momentum,” which is given by the product of the mass of the body M in the movement and its velocity V, such that Q = M ∙ V .

The French philosopher absolutizes this principle, whereas in our time we know that it is valid when, and only when, it is applied to a system of masses subject only to the forces exerted on each other, or to an isolated system. The great neo of our philosopher was to think that the quantity of motion is distributed through different forms between the bodies by means of impacts, as the only engine of the great machine of the world.

What could have been mistaken for a concept, ends up causing a sensation at the Mobile World Congress, to a point that was declared “best” of Congress. The general idea was that Nokia was in a devalued state, struggling to make the best impression possible with your Windows Phone-based devices, but the Nokia 808 PureView completely change that something very radical: A 41-megapixels. This is accomplished through an “oversampling” “oversampling” or pixels with Carl-Zeiss optics. In other words, the 41 megapixels are “41″ megapixel, but it seems that technology is not unique to this phone. Another particularly odd: use the Symbian operating system. According to Nokia, the development of 808 is before the agreement with Microsoft, but we will closely monitor developments relating to Symbian. Coming to Europe in May, priced at 450 euros. Right. Huawei to make himself known to us to make an ADSL modem and “dongle” for wireless USB, took a tour of the Mobile World Congress, and not with empty hands. The Ascend D Quad may give the impression of being like any other smartphone heap, but nothing is further from the truth. The Ascend D K3V2 Quad uses a chip developed by Huawei, based on ARM Cortex A9. It is a quad-core 64-bit, has 16 core dedicated GPU, and can be operated at 1.2 or 1.5 Ghz. Huawei says its chips can defeat a Tegra 3, a detail that probably would have made the fastest mobile chip market.

The rest is within normal parameters: Eight megapixels, 4.5 inch screen 720p, and Ice Cream Sandwich. We are intrigued, and we see more as possible. Nothing better than a tablet to break the dominance of the list of smartphones, and this inevitably leads us back with Samsung 10.1-inch version of its known Galaxy. You probably remember well from the previous version, not only for its five-inch screen, but also for the spot where Samsung has aimed directly at fans of the i-Phone. In theory, the “Note” version of tablets would be more focused on images, which can be seen with the added touch of Photoshop for editing. It can act as a phone, but has a chip dual-core 1.4 GHz, 1 GB of RAM, two cameras (three megapixel rear, two front), GLONASS support (plus GPS), a minimum of 16 GB space, and a microSD slot to expand if necessary. Smartphone. Cheap. Seem incompatible words these days. But Nokia thinks otherwise. I think it’s possible to offer a smartphone based on Windows Phone low cost compared to other devices, and after that the cupboard to find Lumia 610. Its specifications are a bit ‘more humble than usual. 800 Mhz, 256 MB of RAM and five megapixel camera qualify as “low-end” these days, however, we found some potential in the mass distribution of Windows Phone devices in certain markets. How aggressive will be the price? It speaks of 189 euros without subsidies or contracts. Now, we must not forget that Nokia has been down this terrain before. After all, the Nokia 1100 was one of the most moving story of success.

Source: http://www.abc.es/

The judgment held that if a court order establishing this type of system violates the basic rights of clients, such as data protection or freedom to receive and impart information and freedom of enterprise. The Court of Justice (ECJ) ruled today, the judgment is available at this link, which is illegal for a judge to order a telecommunications operator to perform a general inspection of the data transmitted on its network to avoid static files illegal copyrighted. The ruling ensures that the institution of this type of filtering system violates the basic rights of clients, such as data protection or freedom to receive and impart information, and also violates the freedom of enterprise. The ruling stems from a dispute between Scarlet, a provider of Internet access, and Saban, a management company of the Belgian copyright. In 2004, Saban has reported that Internet users have used the services of Scarlet downloaded over the Internet without permission and without paying royalties, the work contained in its catalog through peer to peer networks. At the request of Saban, the chairman of the court in Brussels ordered, under pain of fine, Scarlet put an end to these violations, preventing any shipment or receipt by the customer, through a peer to peer, file electronically to reproduce works protected by copyright.

Scarlet turned to the Court of Appeal in Brussels, arguing that the injunction was not in conformity with Community law, since in fact imposed a general obligation to monitor communications on the network, which was incompatible with the Directive on electronic commerce and fundamental rights. Belgian courts looked at the case to the EU. In its judgment the Court stated that “the injunction is ordered by a filtering system involves monitoring the interests of copyright holders, all made in electronic communications network’s Internet access provider oversight is also affected unlimited. “Therefore,” the injunction would result in a material breach of the free enterprise of Scarlet, since it would force him to establish a computer system is complex, costly, always and exclusively at their expense, “said the judgment. “On the other hand, the effects of the measure would not be limited to Scarlet, as the filtering system may also violate the fundamental rights of its customers, namely their right to protection of personal data and freedom to receive and impart information the rights that are protected by the Charter of Fundamental Rights “, the Court stressed. Moreover, it “could undermine the freedom of information, because there is a risk that such a system does not sufficiently distinguish between legal and illegal content, so the property could lead to blocking of lawful content of communications.” Accordingly, the judgment concludes that this filtering system “does not fulfill its obligation to ensure a fair balance between, on one hand, the intellectual property rights and, secondly, the freedom of enterprise, the right to data protection and personal freedom, to receive and impart information “.

Source: http://economia.elpais.com

The European Union and its 22 member states, including Spain, have signed today in Japan the ACTA treaty, whose initial negotiating in secret revolt in the Internet community. This is a trade agreement that aims to combat trafficking in counterfeit and infringement of intellectual property. The signing of the Treaty by the EU must be ratified by Parliament in June. Organizations opposed to it and prepared to try to stop the ratification protests. Netherlands, Cyprus, Slovakia, Estonia and Germany are among the European countries that have not signed. According to the EU, it is a simple delay on procedural grounds. In Poland and in the days that have organized demonstrations against ACTA. While the U.S. has slowed (SOPA piracy laws and PIPA) to seek more consensus, and the treaty that was signed last year by the United States, one of its main proponents, Canada, Australia, Japan, South Korea and New Zealand among other countries. This trade agreement proposes to implement various measures by the states that claim to combat trade in counterfeit and unauthorized distribution of copyrighted material. What worries those who fight its formulation is the introduction of generic measures implementation of which could result in prosecution of Internet providers that have fostered piracy on a commercial scale.

They allowed new criminal sanctions to force ISPs to monitor Internet content, which, according to his opponents, a decline of freedom of expression and an increase in legal uncertainty for permit holders of rights to information about offenders on the Internet by of the operators. The articles is not binding on states. The European authorities, for the scandal that led to the knowledge of the secret negotiations of that treaty, the European Union have ensured that any formula of the crime of persecution will be through the courts. Opponents of the Treaty, with its ambiguous expressions and emphasize the necessity of a general nature made “quick fix” to prevent violations and distribution of “obstacles” to prevent piracy advance. The text adds that the procedures are agreed to respect the privacy and freedom of expression. The Treaty provides for collaboration between different sectors. The word Internet is not in the text we prefer the term “digital environments”. The Treaty provides for civil penalties, damage to intermediaries in the amount of which is not clear how to solve the problem. In March 2010, the EU has published a draft after the eighth round of negotiations after the European Parliament said that it is responsible for the study of international treaties involving the European Union and at odds with the secrecy of the negotiations. Yesterday, John Clancy, spokesman for EU Trade Commissioner Karel de Gucht and made the first statements to calm the spirits of the Internet community. “ACTA”, he said, “does not limit the freedom of the Internet and proposed censorship of websites. The treaty aims to ensure that criminal organizations are prosecuted when they steal intellectual property, harming innovation and jobs-destroying.” Clancy insisted that interferes with the way we use the Internet in our daily lives. Clarification on what is shown as ACT can be understood by others. “Citizens can continue to use social networking sites like Facebook or Twitter, as in the past,” he said. According to the EU, is different from untexto SOUP laws of the United States and PIPA, now frozen, because no rule to prevent access to the Network Europe The EU estimates that annually lose eight billion euros for the traffic pirated material. In Spain, the Association of Internet has maintained a position opposite to thrive in the European Parliament ACTA. Source: http://tecnologia.elpais.com

Source: http://tecnologia.elpais.com/

On 8 March, the FBI intervention may leave millions of people without access to the Internet. It would be the result of an operation against a DNSChanger Trojan virus. This virus, once installed on a computer changes the DNS settings of the same to lead the Internet user to malicious websites. Explains Jeremy Matthews, director of Panda Labs, a type of Internet when an Internet address, the network needs to translate this name to a sequence of numbers (IP address), that is, machines that understand to manage traffic. The virus alters the configuration of the machine to redirect a damaged server amending the translation process to bring the pages created by the authors of the virus. If the server closes the FBI maneuvers to prevent malicious Internet users with the same machine can not see directly to the Internet by typing the desired site. Only if I write the actual number of IP address of that site, a move tedious and requires knowledge of the above number.

This virus was detected in 2006. In November 2011, the six Estonian and a Russian who is credited with its creation have been arrested in a major operation against cybercrime. It is estimated that the virus had infected four million cars from nearly 100 countries. The FBI estimates that cyber criminals managed a haul of $ 14 million (10 million euros) since the virus began to work. Once infected the machine, the virus, whose existence has not been noticed by you, the surfer who has asked to go to specific pages have been redirected to another site. The same virus has also modified the advertisement that appeared on some sites. The network charge for an increase in visits, or embedded advertising. The detainees had created a false advertising agency to collect the benefits. The defendants face prison sentences for fraud in communications and one of them, for money laundering. It also aims to companies that housed the server holding the system to manage the control of compromised machines. Trend Micro was the security companies that cooperated in the investigation. Internet is not only influenced by the virus should eliminate from your machine. Switch to a new configuration to connect to the appropriate server for the translation operation. There are pages that explain how to detect if the machine is infected and cleaned. Six people in Estonia and Russia have been arrested accused of controlling a virus that has altered the Internet and research the advertisements that appear on Web pages. The FBI, which has cooperated with the investigation, estimated that cybercriminals have won a prize of $ 14 million (10.3 million) since the virus began work in 2007. Its presence was detected in one hundred countries and four million cars. Once infected the machine, the virus, whose existence has not been noticed by you, the surfer who has asked to go to specific pages, such as the iTunes store, has been redirected to another site. The same virus has also modified the advertisement that appeared on some sites. The network charge for an increase in visits, or embedded advertising. The worm, called DNSChanger, alter the configuration of the application domains of the system. Also prevented or canceled the installation of antivirus that can detect. The virus infects both Windows machines and Apple’s operating system. The detainees had created a false advertising agency to collect the benefits. The defendants face prison sentences for fraud in communications and one of them, for money laundering. It also aims to companies that housed the server holding the system to manage the control of compromised machines. Trend Micro was the security companies that cooperated in the investigation. NASA was the first company to detect their existence. It is estimated that 130 of their computers harbor the virus, the United States alone, half a million infected machines.

Source: http://tecnologia.elpais.com

This decline in sales volumes should be accompanied by further price declines. The observers are less optimistic, forecast a further drop in average prices by about 15% this year. GfK forecasts for its part an average selling price to 409 euros, against 432 euros this year. In fact, the price remains the basic tenet that consumers look for when buying a TV. Long before it is raised, or LED in touch! This year, 20% of televisions sold will be equipped with 3D and over one third will be connected.This figure rises to more than half, given that the screen is of more than 80 cm. This is also one of the main trends. Manufacturers are betting on ever larger screen sizes. One feature that has at least the merit of jumping in the eyes of most customers neophytes.

Consumers are increasingly likely to know that after the advent of flat screens, there is no need to be several feet from his TV to watch it.The diagonal of 80 cm that have appeared there still five years, as a large (almost) figure of small television in terms of newcomers, some reaching 150 cm. “The screen size is not going to continue to increase for life eternam provides a distributor. For a simple reason: we can no longer be displayed in many shops” where you could place four TV dealers make more room ..

• The folly of helmets

It ‘a bit’ the exception that proves the rule. The high-end headphone market has never been better. In one year, sales of helmets to over 200 euros more than doubled, reaching nearly 120 thousand units. Far from the average sales price for headphones and earphones, which is 26 euros! Try this healthy, the Taiwanese manufacturer HTC mobile has not hesitated to spend $ 309 million to take control of half of the capital of the famous brand of headphones Dr. Dre. The popularity of these high-end products corresponds to the new mode of music consumption. The big brands have captured the argument. They communicate the importance of a “good sound”, compete imagination to make their products lighter, more qualitative, son … without a helmet, equipped with noise reducers, able to isolate the user from outside and then reduce the listening volume. A strong argument, but medical experts are constantly educate consumers, especially young people, the risk of deafness caused by the use of headphones at high volume.

The strong market performance of the helmet is linked to that of smartphones and MP3 players. While sales of smartphones were expected to stabilize at current levels (just over 12 million units), the accessories should continue to remain dynamic, thanks to the very low level of equipment (less than a dynamic sales incidental to the main unit last year) and demand still connected to the players. Last year, 438,000 of these portable players were sold in France. Who knows what will get this year?!

Source: www.lefigaro.fr

This year, consumers should be heavily loaded with smartphones, with a preference for products with less than 200 euros (without packaging). This request will be driven by new services offered by operators. But the products that are most “dreams” consumers are the flat-screen TV generation. However, for budgetary reasons, be less inclined to proceed with the purchase.

The PC resistance

“The global market for information technology has reached a record level, with 8 million phones sold in France last year,” says GfK. Laptops, which is still thought slowdown, competition from the shelves, more than half of those sales. After several quarters of decline, purchases of PCs are indeed beginning to rebound. If the prices (549 euros on average for a notebook with a screen 15 inches) are a subject adopted by consumers, they say they are more sensitive to the characteristics (storage capacity, graphics card, screen size … ). In addition, the notebook market is reinvigorated by Ultrabooks (or ultrafine) lighter. It uses access to the market this year of the new Windows 8.

Another market that has found a second wind, the desktop “all-in-one”, these screens all-in-one, which also contain a hard drive. I’m still a bit ‘more expensive than traditional office PC, but less bulky and very popular with players, willing to pay big bucks for their passion. Finally, what are netbooks that have suffered most the emergence of tablets. Sales of smaller laptops are down 15% in a year. Are directly and adversely affected by rising sales of tablets that have reached 1.5 million in 2011, including 500,000 for the month of December! This market is still dominated by Apple and its iPad, despite a relatively high selling price. Shelves with Wi Telecom 3G still purchase a “default”, when the only still available, according to GfK, which evokes the high price associated with subscriptions offered by telecom operators. In France, three times more expensive than in Britain (12 euros per month) where the tablet with 3G sales third against the fifth ‘Hexagon. French users prefer the wide Wi-Fi to 3G for their tablets.

TV: larger, more economic

OR 3D, or the connected TV will have enabled TV manufacturers to keep prices of their products. Consumers were not enthusiastic about this technology and have not been willing to pay more for them. The transition to digital terrestrial, which was the main driver of market growth in France is almost finished, the market is expected to record a significant setback in 2012, dropping to 7.6 million euros (compared to a record 8.7 million last year). Figure could even drop to 6 million in two years. Until then, it remains to half of French households to be equipped with flat screen. Two have a CRT TV.

Source: www.lefigaro.fr